Appendix - The Facts on Our Facts

All statistics cited throughout this guide were professionally researched by the nonpartisan staffs at Public Sector Consultants, the Center for Michigan and Bridge Magazine. Charts within individual chapters in this guide include source notes. Sources and methodology for the data cited in the “100 Michigan Facts” appendix below. State rankings generally include the District of Columbia but not Puerto Rico unless otherwise noted below.

1. Data extracted from U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B01003 Total Population 2016 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates.

2. Data extracted from U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin By Race 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.

3. Data extracted from U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin By Race 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.

4. Data extracted from U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin By Race 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.

5. Data extracted from U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin By Race 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.

6. Data extracted from U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin By Race 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.

7. Data extracted from U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin By Race 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.

8. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B01003 Total Population American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates for 2007 and 2016.

9. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S0701 Geographic Mobility by Selected Characteristics in the United States American Community Survey 2016 1-Year Estimates.

10. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table P002 Urban and Rural Universe: Total population 2000 Summary File 100-percent data.

11. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S0701 Geographic Mobility by Selected Characteristics in the United States American Community Survey 2015 1-Year Estimates.

12. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S0501 Selected Characteristics of the Native and Foreign Born Populations American Community Survey 2012–2016 5-Year Estimates.

13. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S1101 Households and Families American Community Survey 2012–2016 5-Year Estimates.

14. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S2101 Veteran Status American Community Survey 2012–2016 5-Year Estimates.

15. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B05009 Age and Nativity of Own Children Under 18 Years in Families and Subfamilies by Number and Nativity of Parents American Community Survey 2012–2016 5-Year Estimates.

16. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B05009 Age and Nativity of Own Children Under 18 Years in Families and Subfamilies by Number and Nativity of Parents American Community Survey 2012–2016 5-Year Estimates.

17. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B09021 Living Arrangements of Adults 18 Years and Over in the United States American Community Survey 2012–2016 5-Year Estimates.

18. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B12007 Median Age at First Marriage American Community Survey 2012–2016 5-Year Estimates. Total reported is average of male and female median age.

19. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table GCT1253 Divorce Rate Per 1,000 Women 15 Years and Over American Community Survey 2011–2015 5-Year Estimates.

20. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S1901 Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2015 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars) American Community Survey 2016 1-Year Estimates.

21. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B20017A Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2016 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars) by Sex by Work Experience in Past 12 Months for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings in the Past 12 Months (white alone) American Community Survey 2016 1-Year Estimates.

22. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B20017B Median Earnings in the Past 12 Months (in 2016 Inflation-Adjusted Dollars) by Sex by Work Experience in Past 12 Months for the Population 16 Years and Over with Earnings in the Past 12 Months (black alone) American Community Survey 2016 1-Year Estimates.

23. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S0201 Selected Population Profile in the United States Survey 2016 1-Year Estimates.

24. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S0201 Selected Population Profile in the United States Survey 2016 1-Year Estimates.

25. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S0201 Selected Population Profile in the United States Survey 2016 1-Year Estimates.

26. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S0201 Selected Population Profile in the United States Survey 2015 1-Year Estimates.

27. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S0201 Selected Population Profile in the United States Survey 2016 1-Year Estimates.

28. Data extracted from U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Occupational Employment Statistics Query System.

29. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B17001 Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months By Sex by Age American Community Survey 2012–2016 5-Year Estimates.

30. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B17001 Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months By Sex by Age American Community Survey 2012–2016 5-Year Estimates.

31. United Ways of Michigan. Winter 2017. Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed: Michigan 2017 Update.  http://www.unitedwayalice.org/documents/16UW%20ALICE%20Report_MIUpdate_3.24.17_Lowres.pdf

32. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S2201 Food Stamps/Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) American Community Survey 2012–2016  5-Year Estimates.

33. Data extracted from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Data, Per Capita GDP. Data updated May 11, 2017.

34. Data extracted from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Real GDP by State, 2009 chained dollars. Data updated May 11, 2017.

35. Data extracted from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Real GDP by State for Manufacturing, 2009 chained dollars. Data updated May 11, 2017, and compared to total real GDP by state.

36. State data extracted from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://www.bls.gov/web/laus/laumstrk.htm.

37. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B23001 Sex by Age Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and Over American Community Survey 2011–2015 5-Year Estimates.

38. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B23001 Sex by Age Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and Over American Community Survey 2011-2015 5-Year Estimates.

39. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B23001 Sex by Age Employment Status for the Population 16 Years and Over American Community Survey 2011–2015 5-Year Estimates.

40. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S2301 Employment Status American Community Survey 2011–2015 5-Year Estimates.

41. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S2302 Employment Characteristics of Families American Community Survey 2011–2015 5-Year Estimates.

42. Bureau of Labor Statistics. January 26, 2017. Table 5. Union Affiliation of Employed Wage and Salary Workers by State https://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.t05.htm

43. Robert D. Atkinson and Adams B. Nager. June 2014. The 2014 State New Economy Index. The Information Technology and Innovation Foundation. http://www2.itif.org/2014-state-new-economy-index.pdf?_ga=2.191317866.1324869673.1497039717-1469071202.1497039717

44. Kauffman Foundation. 2017. Largest States Rankings: Startup Activity—Data Table. http://www.kauffman.org/kauffman-index/rankings?report=startup-activity&indicator=se-rate&type=larger#

45. Council on State Taxation. August 2017. Total State and Local Business Taxes. http://www.cost.org/globalassets/cost/state-tax-resources-pdf-pages/cost-studies-articles-reports/fy16-state-and-local-business-tax-burden-study.pdf

46. State Science and Technology Institute. 2016. Share of Venture Capital Activity and Per Capita Investment by State, 2010-2016.  http://ssti.org/sites/default/files/VC%20by%20State%202016%20Edition_0.xlsx

47. National Science Foundation. March 2, 2017. National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics Higher Education Research and Development (HERD) Survey.  https://ncsesdata.nsf.gov/herd/2015/html/HERD2015_DST_62.html

48. National Science Foundation. June 15, 2016. National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics. National Patterns of R&D Resources.  http://www.bea.gov/regional/index.htm

49. Ibid.

50. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S2801 Types of Computers and Internet Subscriptions American Community Survey 2016 1-Year Estimates.

51. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S2801 Types of Computers and Internet Subscriptions American Community Survey 2016 1-Year Estimates.

52. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table B08201 Household Size by Vehicles Available American Community Survey 2012-2016 5-Year Estimates.

53. Kristen Lewis and Sarah Burd-Sharps. June 19, 2013. The Measure of America—2013–2014. Social Science Research Council. http://www.measureofamerica.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/MOA-III.pdf

54. Trust for American’s Health and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. September 1, 2016. Adult Obesity in the United States. http://stateofobesity.org/adult-obesity/

55. United Health Foundation. 2017. “Measure: Infant Mortality.” 2016 Annual Report.  http://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/2016-annual-report/measure/IMR/state/ALL

56. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2016. Number of Deaths per 100,000 Population.  http://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/death-rate-per-100000/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D

57. United Health Foundation. 2017. “Measure: Lack of Health Insurance.” 2016 Annual Report.  http://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/2016-annual-report/measure/HealthInsurance/state/ALL

58. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2017. Health Insurance Coverage of the Total Population, 2015. http://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/total-population/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D

59. United Health Foundation. 2017. “Measure: Binge Drinking.” 2016 Annual Report. http://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/2016-annual-report/measure/Binge/state/ALL

60. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. n.d. State Tobacco Activities Tracking and Evaluation (STATE) System. https://nccd.cdc.gov/STATESystem/rdPage.aspx?rdReport=OSH_State.CustomReports&rdAgRese

61. Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids. January 3, 2017. State Cigarette Excise Tax Rates and Rankings.  https://www.tobaccofreekids.org/research/factsheets/pdf/0097.pdf

62. United Health Foundation. 2017. “Measure: Physical Inactivity.” 2016 Annual Report.  http://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/2016-annual-report/measure/Sedentary/state/ALL

63. Centers for Disease Control and Protection. February 2017. Most Recent Asthma State or Territory Data. https://www.cdc.gov/asthma/most_recent_data_states.htm

64. The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 2017. Percent of Adults Who Had Not Seen or Talked to a General Doctor in the Past 12 Months, 2014. http://www.kff.org/other/state-indicator/percent-of-adults-who-had-not-seen-or-talked-to-a-general-doctor-in-the-past-12-months/?currentTimeframe=0&sortModel=%7B%22colId%22:%22Location%22,%22sort%22:%22asc%22%7D

65. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S1501 Educational Attainment American Community Survey 2012-2016 5-Year Estimates.

66. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S1501 Educational Attainment American Community Survey 2012-2016 5-Year Estimates.

67. Lumina Foundation. April 2016. A Stronger Nation—Postsecondary Learning Builds the Talent That Helps us Rise. Note: state rankings do not include Washington D.C. http://strongernation.luminafoundation.org/report/2016/

68. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. July 2016. Statistics of State School Systems, 1969-70; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1979-80; and Common Core of Data (CCD), "National Public Education Financial Survey," 1989-90 through 2013-14. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_236.65.asp?current=yes

69. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. July 2016. Statistics of State School Systems, 1969-70; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1979-80; and Common Core of Data (CCD), "National Public Education Financial Survey," 1989-90 through 2013-14.  https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_236.65.asp?current=yes

70. The Nation’s Report Card. n.d. State Performance Compared to the Nation: Grade 4 Reading, 2015. . https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/profiles/stateprofile?chort=1&sub=RED&sj=AL&sfj=NP&st=MN&year=2015R3

71. The Nation’s Report Card. n.d. State Performance Compared to the Nation: Grade 8 Math, 2015.  https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/profiles/stateprofile?chort=2&sub=MAT&sj=AL&sfj=NP&st=MN&year=2015R3

72. State Higher Education Executive Officers Association. 2017. SHEF: FY 2016 State Higher Education Finance.  http://www.sheeo.org/sites/default/files/SHEEO_SHEF_2016_Report.pdf State rankings do not include Washington D.C.

73. Institute for Research on Higher Education. 2016. College Affordability Diagnosis: Michigan. State rankings do not include Washington D.C. http://www.gse.upenn.edu/pdf/irhe/affordability_diagnosis/Michigan_Affordability2016.pdf

74. Institute for Research on Higher Education. 2016. College Affordability Diagnosis: Michigan. State rankings do not include Washington D.C. http://www.gse.upenn.edu/pdf/irhe/affordability_diagnosis/Michigan_Affordability2016.pdf

75. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. January 2017. Table 208.40 Public Elementary and Secondary Teachers, Enrollment, and Pupil/Teacher Ratios, by State or Jurisdiction, Selected Years Fall 2000 Through Fall 2014. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_208.40.asp?current=yes

76. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. July 2016. Table 211.60 Estimated Average Annual Salary of Teachers in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by State: Selected Years, 1969-70 Through 2015-16. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_211.60.asp?current=yes

77. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. August 2016. Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Level, Grade, and State or Jurisdiction: Fall 2014. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_203.40.asp?current=yes

78. U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. October 2016. Table 216.90 Public Elementary and Secondary Charter Schools and Enrollment, by State: Selected Years, 1999-2000 Through 2014-15. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d16/tables/dt16_216.90.asp?current=yes

79. National Institute for Early Education Research. 2017. The State of Preschool 2016: State Preschool Yearbook. http://nieer.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/YB2016_StateofPreschool2.pdf

80. Ibid.

81. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2016. "2015 Crime in the United States by Region, Geographic Division, and State, 2014-2015.”  https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/table-4  

82. American Health Rankings. 2016. 2016 Annual Report; Air Pollution.  http://www.americashealthrankings.org/explore/2016-annual-report/measure/air/state/ALL

83. Outdoor Foundation. 2017. Outdoor Recreation Participation Topline Report, 2017.  https://outdoorindustry.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/2017-Topline-Report_FINAL.pdf; Michigan United Conservation Clubs. 2017. Michigan, Outdoor Recreation and The Economy.

84. Corporation for National and Community Service. 2015. State Rankings by Volunteer Rate.  https://www.nationalservice.gov/vcla/state-rankings-volunteer-rate  

85. Dan Peltier. September 16, 2016. “The Most Visited U.S. States Spent Less to Market to Travelers Last Year.” Skift. https://skift.com/2016/09/16/the-most-visited-u-s-states-spent-less-to-market-to-travelers-last-year/

86. United States Department of Transportation, Bureau of Transportation Statistics. 2013. “State Transportation Statistics 2015.”  https://www.rita.dot.gov/bts/sites/rita.dot.gov.bts/files/publications/state_transportation_statistics/state_transportation_statistics_2015/chapter-1/table1_4

87. Ibid.

88. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2017. “State Energy Data System (SEDS): 2015 (Updates by Energy Source).” U.S. Energy Information Administration. https://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-fuel.php?sid=US#OtherRenewableEnergy

89. National Assembly of State Arts Agencies. 2017. “State Arts Agency Revenues; Fiscal Year 2017.” https://nasaa-arts.org/nasaa_research/fy2017-saa-revenues-report/.

90. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service; Wildlife & Sport Fish Restoration Program. 2016. “US Fish and Wildlife Service; National Hunting License Data.” https://wsfrprograms.fws.gov/Subpages/LicenseInfo/Natl%20Hunting%20License%20Report%202016.pdf.

91. Ibid.

92. Data extracted from the U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder Table S0201-Geography-United States: Selected Population Profile in the United States, 2015 American Community Survey.

93. Data extracted from United States Election Project. n.d. “2016 November General Election Turnout Rates.” Electproject.org. http://www.electproject.org/2016g.

94. Data extracted from National Conference of State Legislatures. “2016 Survey: State Legislative Compensation, Session Per Diem and Mileage.” NCSL.org. http://www.ncsl.org/Portals/1/Documents/legismgt/2016_Leg_Comp_Session_Per%20Diem_Mileage.pdf Ranking does not include Washington, D.C.

95. Data extracted from Tax Policy Center; Urban Institute and Brookings Institution. “State and Local Tax Revenue, Per Capita.” State Revenues and Expenditures.  http://www.taxpolicycenter.org/statistics/state-and-local-tax-revenue-capita Ranking does not include Washington, D.C.

96. Data extracted from Tax Foundation. 2017. “State-Local Tax Burden Rankings FY 2012.” Taxfoundation.org. https://files.taxfoundation.org/legacy/docs/State-Local_Tax_Burden_FY2012.pdf Ranking does not include Washington, D.C.

97. Data extracted from Governing. 2017. "Number of Local Governments by State." Governing Data. http://www.governing.com/gov-data/number-of-governments-by-state.html Ranking does not include Washington, D.C.

98. Data extracted from Bureau of Labor Statistics. “State and Area Employment, Hours, and Earnings.” BLS.gov. Ranking does not include Washington, D.C.

99. Data extracted from Michelle Surka and Elizabeth Ridlington. “Following the Money 2016; How the 50 States Rate in Providing Online Access to Government Spending Data.” U.S. PIRG Education Fund and Frontier Group. http://uspirgedfund.org/sites/pirg/files/reports/USP%20FollowMoney16%20Report%20Apr16.pdf.   Ranking does not include Washington, D.C.

100. Data extracted from National Association of State Budget Officers. 2016. State Expenditure Report: Examining Fiscal 2014-2016 State Spending. https://higherlogicdownload.s3.amazonaws.com/NASBO/9d2d2db1-c943-4f1b-b750-0fca152d64c2/UploadedImages/SER%20Archive/State%20Expenditure%20Report%20(Fiscal%202014-2016)%20-%20S.pdf Ranking does not include Washington, D.C.

101. Data extracted from Danielle Kaeble and Lauren Glaze. December 2016. "Correctional Populations in the United States, 2015." Bureau of Justice Statistics. https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cpus15.pdf Ranking does not include Washington, D.C.

102. Data extracted from American Legislative Exchange Council. October 2016. Unaccountable and Unaffordable 2016; Unfunded Public Pension Liabilities Near $5.6 Trillion.  https://www.alec.org/app/uploads/2016/10/2016-10-13-Unaccountable-and-Unaffordable.pdf Ranking does not include Washington, D.C.

Data extracted from Bureau of Labor Statistics. “State and Area Employment, Hours, and Earnings.” BLS.gov. Data extracted from U.S. Census Bureau American Fact Finder; PEPANNRES Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2016. Ranking does not include Washington, D.C.